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1. Parts of Speech – Detailed Explanation

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English grammar has 8 parts of speech . These are the basic types of words used in the English language. 1. Noun A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Types of Nouns: Common Noun – general name (e.g. boy, city, dog) Proper Noun – specific name (e.g. John, London, Rover) Countable Noun – can be counted (e.g. apple/apples) Uncountable Noun – cannot be counted (e.g. water, air) Collective Noun – group name (e.g. team, family, class) Abstract Noun – idea, feeling, or quality (e.g. love, honesty) Examples: My brother lives in New York . She has great confidence . 2. Pronoun A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. Types of Pronouns: Personal Pronouns – I, you, he, she, we, they Possessive Pronouns – my, your, his, her, their, its, our Reflexive Pronouns – myself, yourself, themselves Demonstrative Pronouns – this, that, these, those Interrogative Pronouns – who, what, which Relative Pronouns – who, whom, whose, wh...
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2. Sentence Structure – Detailed Explanation

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. It always contains a subject and a predicate (verb + object or complement). 🔹 Basic Structure of a Sentence Subject + Verb She sings. Birds fly. Subject + Verb + Object He eats apples. They play football. Subject + Verb + Complement She is a teacher. The sky looks blue. 🔹 Types of Sentences (By Function) Declarative Sentence ➤ Makes a statement. Example: I like ice cream. Interrogative Sentence ➤ Asks a question. Example: Do you like coffee? Imperative Sentence ➤ Gives a command or request. Example: Please close the door. Exclamatory Sentence ➤ Expresses strong feeling. Example: What a beautiful day! 🔹 Types of Sentences (By Structure) Simple Sentence ➤ One independent clause. Example: She is reading a book. Compound Sentence ➤ Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). Example: He is tired, but he is still wor...
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3. Verb Tenses – Forms, Rules, and Examples

In English grammar, verb tenses tell us when an action happens: in the past , present , or future . Tenses help express time and continuity. 🔹 Tense Overview Table Tense Example Usage Present Simple I eat. Habit, general truth Present Continuous I am eating. Action happening now Present Perfect I have eaten. Action completed, result in present Present Perfect Continuous I have been eating. Action started in the past, still continuing | Past Simple | I ate. | Completed action in past | | Past Continuous | I was eating. | Ongoing action in the past | | Past Perfect | I had eaten. | Action before another past action | | Past Perfect Continuous | I had been eating. | Duration before a past event | | Future Simple | I will eat. | Action in the future | | Future Continuous | I will be eating. | Ongoing action in the future | | Future Perfect | I will have eaten. | Completed before a future time | | Future Perfect Continuous | I will have been eating. | Duration until a ...
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4. Articles – Rules, Usage, and Examples

🔹 Types of Articles Type Articles Example Definite Article the The sun, the book Indefinite Article a, an a cat, an apple 🔹 A. Indefinite Articles – “a” and “an” ✅ Use “a” before a word that starts with a consonant sound. Examples: a book a car a university (“you” sound is consonant) ✅ Use “an” before a word that starts with a vowel sound. Examples: an apple an umbrella an honest man (“honest” starts with vowel sound “o”) ❌ It’s not about the spelling—it’s about the sound . Correct Incorrect an hour a hour ❌ a university an university ❌ 🔹 B. Definite Article – “the” “The” is used to refer to specific or known people, places, or things. ✅ Use “the” when: There is only one of something: the sun, the moon, the sky The listener/reader knows what you're talking about: I saw the movie you mentioned. Mentioning something a second time: I saw a dog. The dog was barking. Superlatives: the best, the tallest Ordinal numbers: the ...
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5. Pronouns – Types, Rules, and Examples

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun to avoid repetition and make sentences clearer. 📌 Example: John is a teacher. He teaches English. (“He” replaces “John”) 🔹 A. Types of Pronouns 1. Personal Pronouns Used instead of people or things. They change based on the subject or object. Type Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns 1st person I, we me, us 2nd person you you 3rd person he, she, it, they him, her, it, them Examples: She is my friend. (subject) I called her yesterday. (object) 2. Possessive Pronouns Show ownership. They do not need a noun after them. Singular Plural mine, yours, his, hers, its ours, yours, theirs Examples: This book is mine . That house is theirs . ❗ Don’t confuse: This is my book → my is a possessive adjective This book is mine → mine is a possessive pronoun 3. Reflexive Pronouns Used when the subject and object are the same person . Singular Plural myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself ourselves, yourselves, the...
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6. Modals – Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Shall, Should, Will, Would

Modals (also called modal verbs ) are helping verbs used before the base form of a main verb to express ability, possibility, permission, advice, necessity, obligation , etc. 🔹 A. List of Common Modals Modal Function can ability, permission could past ability, polite request may permission, possibility might weak possibility must strong obligation, logical conclusion shall future (formal), suggestion should advice, recommendation will future, certainty, willingness would polite request, hypothetical situations 🔹 B. Modal Rules ✅ Modals are always followed by the base form of a verb. ❌ Never use “to” or “-s” with a modal verb. Correct: She can go . Wrong: She can goes . / She can to go . 🔹 C. Usage and Examples 1. CAN Ability : She can speak five languages. Permission : Can I use your phone? Possibility : Driving fast can be dangerous. 2. COULD Past ability : I could swim when I was 5. Polite request : Could you help me? Possibility (less certain...
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